There also appears to be almost no exegetical reworking of the laws. We find that laws are omitted from their original locations in the Pentateuch, and, almost without exception, do not reappear in a new location. 4QReworked Pentateuch, manuscript by manuscript, indicates that much greater freedom is shown in handling the laws than in any known pentateuchal textual tradition. An examination of the surviving legal portions of. This paper addresses a facet of those texts which has unfortunately been ignored in most of those discussions, namely their treatment of the legal material in the Pentateuch. The biblical or non-biblical nature of the manuscripts currently identified as 4QReworked Pentateuch (4Q158 4Q364-67) has been the subject of much scholarly discussion.

We conclude that, as long as scholars keep these validity issues in mind, Shepard's can be a highly appropriate data source. We also point out several features of Shepard's that could potentially affect the validity of a measure derived from it. Our analysis demonstrates that Shepard's coding of legal treament is quite reliable, though there is some notable variance across Sheard's treatment categories.

This article empirically tests the reliability of Shepard's and discusses the validity of its coding protocols. Yet, the reliability and validity of Shepard's is unknown, and we should therefore be appropriately skeptical of it. One of the most important fetures of Shepard's is its list of all opinions that legally treat a previously decided case, as well as its characterization of the nature of that legal treatment. have begun doing so by using Shepard's Citations, a legal citation index.

To do so, it is necessary to develop measures of legal change and the treatment of precedent over time. Yet, to fully understand judicial decision-making we think it imperative that research also focus on the interpretation of precedent and legal change. With few exceptions, scholars have generally relied on judges' final votes on the menrts as the primary indicator of judicial outcomes.

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